In this article, we first reexamine the relationship between democracy and the twin tolerations in the worlds muslimmajority countries that are democraciesindonesia, turkey, senegal and tunisia, as well as in muslimminority india. Interreligious conflicts in postauthoritarian indonesia. Religious freedom democracy facing history and ourselves. Illiberal democracy and violent conflict in contemporary indonesia. Contemporary scholars of islam and democracy have argued that a pro. Religion, globalization, violence, gender and disaster in indonesia, edited by bernard adeneyrisakotta. Nevertheless, even in such restrictive systems, unofficial but public expressions of religion can influence politics. Tunisias transition and the twin tolerations journal of democracy. Are all, or only some, of the worlds religious systems politically compatible with democracy. Thus, the explanation of why so many muslim countries are not democratic lies in historical, political. For such reconciliation, alfred stepan for example suggests the principle of twin tolerations. Islam and democracy a dynamic perspective japanese. Religion and politics in postcommunist romania lavinia stan, lucian turcescu in the postcommunist era it has become evident that the emerging democracies in eastern europe will be determined by many factors, only some of them political.
Government regulation, government favoritism, and social regulation of religion. Religion, democracy, and the twin tolerations request pdf. An essay by alfred stepan outlines the concept of twin tolerations and differentiation, and creates a template that can be applied to all of the. Journal of democracy, volume 11, number 4, october 2000, pp.
Can you have democracy where religion and politics are intertwined. Using comprehensive data on 17 asian countries from 1996 to 2010, the study demonstrates that religion is a significant factor for determining democracy. The greatest threat to democracy is an excellent expose of the religious rights agenda to replace democracy for theocracy. This is, of course, one of the most important and heatedly debated. It focuses on his work about islam and the fundamentals of power, published in 1925. Stepan a 2000 religion, democracy and the twin tolerations. These include the guarantee that within the boundaries of constitution and. In order to overcome this obstacle of transcendental religion, which the enlightenment held to be mere superstition, modernity adopted two types of strategies.
Ennahdas role in tunisias democratic systems, the twin tolerations theory helps clarify how tunisian islamist and secularist parties accepted democracy as a mutual security agreement to prevent the violent cycles of revolution present elsewhere in the middle east. World religions and democracy brings together insights from renowned scholars and world leaders in a provocative and timely discussion of religions role in the success or failure of democracy. The quo vadis of democratization in postegypt arab spring in. Religion, democracy, and the twin tolerations alfred c. There has always been an interconnected relationship between the two fields of human social action with an interchanging predominance of each, driven very far sometimes, even as far as a complete absorption of one by the other. Request pdf religion, democracy, and the twin tolerations journal of democracy 11. Turkey often presents itself, and is often hailed by its allies, as being a positive example of secular democracy for muslim countries to emulate. By the first type of strategies it forced religion to adapt itself to the political symbolic code of democratisation, that is to say it saw and treat.
Wave of change in the arab world and chances for a transition to democracy abdelkader abdelali political science department, dr. His theory of the twin tolerations, which argues that healthy democracies require religious leaders to grant authority to elected officials, and. In introducing the discussion, radwan masmoudi asserted that there is no inherent contradiction between islam and democracy and that democratic ideals and principles are also islams ideals and principles. Islamists and the arab spring journal of democracy. Taher almaolawi university and national centre for social and cultural anthropology, oran, algeria.
Republished in part from the speaker the school of cobden. Islamic politics and the problem of official secularism. Islam, democracy, and social movements the prevailing media and intellectual circles in the west perceive islam at the root of the authoritarian polity in the muslim middle east. The original essays in problems confronting contemporary democracies investigate these and other questions, which alfred stepan addressed in his pioneering work as one of the most prominent. In 2011, tunisia achieved a successful democratic transition, albeit not yet a consolidation of democracy. Walzer philosophy and democracy 381 he is a conformist, at least, until he finds himself in a position to transform practice into some nearer approximation to the truths of his thought. Religion, democracy, and the twin tolerations journal. Democracy and the twin tolerations, journal of democracy 114. On the conceptual and theological front, we note a growing emphasis on the importance of the koranic verse 2. Religion, democracy and twin tolerations separation of. Liberal democracy and the right to religious freedom aldir guedes soriano a. This book examines the foundations of multiculturalism in the context of emigre societies and from a multidimensional perspective. This paper proposes a short apprehension of the reflections of one of the most important progressive islamic scholars, the egyptian theologian ali abderraziq. This is a very ambitious book that delves into the multipronged agenda of the religious right.
Comparing the middle east and western democracies, comparative politics 37, no. Alfred stepan, religion, democracy, and the twin tolerations, journal of democracy 11, no. On april 11, the brookings institution hosted bert koenders, minister for development cooperation in the netherlands, for an address on the freedom of expression and religion and their link with. Jonathan fox and shmuel sandler, separation of religion and state in the twentyfirst century. Theologies of democracy in a new century reflections.
The process of building such support was not always smooth, but today religioussecular and interfaith ties in these cases have generally worked to stabilize political institutions. Wave of change in the arab world and chances for a. Religion, democracy, and the twin tolerations oxford scholarship. On democracy, violence, and the promise of islam journal. If the inline pdf is not rendering correctly, you can download the pdf file here. This paper aims at examining how democratization in postuprising egypt remains flawed and the reasons for this failure. In this article, we first reexamine the relationship between democracy and the twin tolerations in the worlds muslimmajority countries that are democraciesindonesia, turkey, senegal and. As a background, democratization in postarab spring egypt has collapsed and it seems now merely an illusion. Richard niebuhr, began a lecture on religion and the democratic tradition at berkeley divinity school in october 1940 with these words.
Religion, democracy, and the twin tolerations oxford. Saba mahmood, the politics of religious freedom and the minority question. He finds that oftentimes the tunisian constitution is just as, if. The long history of brutal religious wars in western europe helped give rise to the modern notion of religion as a matter of individual conscience, rather than an official policy of the state. Brief bibliography religions and the practice of peace initiative, harvard divinity school, january 2015 page 2 of 2. Islamic politics and the problem of official secularism abstract according to alfred stepans twin tolerations argument, a strictly secular legal system that prohibits political expression of religion is undemocratic. Religion, democracy, and the twin tolerations alfred stepan.
It did so while adhering to a relationship between religion and politics that follows the pattern of what i have called the twin tolerations. The work considers the politics of multiculturalism and focuses on how the discourse of cultural rights and intercultural relations in western societies can and should be accounted for at a philosophical, as well as performative level. In particular, it aims to explain why there is still no twin toleration in these states, and why it is important to impose such institutional arrangement in churchstate relations. World religions and democracy johns hopkins university. In surveying muslim populations, gallup solicited answers that shed light on the following crucial question. This paper explores the relationship between church and state in serbia and montenegro by examining the development of twin toleration. Part i offers a brief sketch of three approaches to religious freed. Charles taylor, western secularity rethinking secularism. Religion democracy and the twin tolerations free download as pdf file.
I show how indonesia has had a twin tolerationsfriendly approach to religion, the state, and democracy since 2000 and, unlike turkey, no coups. East asias thirdwave democracies are in distress, and the economic success of nondemocratic regimes in the region creates a tough standard for comparison. To speak again of the relations of christianity and democracy is to venture on ground welltrodden by angels and fools. Casanova, rethinking public religions, chapter 2 in rethinking religion and world affairs. Stepan journal of democracy, volume 11, number 4, october. Democratization, clashing narratives, and twin tolerations. Of all the arab spring countries, so far only tunisia has managed to make a transition to democracy. Democratization theory and the arab spring journal of. Islam and democracy a dynamic perspective volume 17 issue 3 naiwei chen, tsaichen yang. Article information, pdf download for the politics of religious freedom, open. Religion is not the disease, but merely a symptom of greater problems. Alfred stepan, religion, democracy and the twin tolerations, chapter 4 in rethinking religion and world affairs.
Religion and politics in postcommunist romania lavinia. On democracy, violence, and the promise of islam journal of. Liberal democracy and the right to religious freedom. And what ongoing dilemmas do democratic governments face in reining in the armed forces that once ruled. Religion, democracy and twin tolerations free download as text file. Is turkish secularism antireligious, reformist, separationist. The quo vadis of democratization in postegypt arab spring. Results indicate that the level of democracy in islamic countries is generally lower than that in nonislamic countries. A comparative study for catholic and muslim countries. Analyzing two dimensions of churchstate arrangements politics and religion april, 2010 vol 3, no.
Religion, democracy, and the twin tolerations johns hopkins. Third, whereas democracy induces a taste for physical pleasures and tends to lower tastes, and thus weakens most people in their commitment to the high and difficult principles on which democratic life depends, religion of the jewish and christian type constantly point to that danger and demand that humans draw back, and attend to the. If we are looking for the defining characteristics of democracy visa. Religion, democracy, and the twin tolerations journal of. This article examines the foundations of the right to. Spiritual values, religious practices, and democratic. Freedom, authority, and church discipline in the baptist south 17851900 new york. Religion democracy and the twin tolerations democracy. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, baptist churches in the south seem to have had at least three primary purposes. Theoretical and empirical observations on the relationship between christianity, islam, and liberal democracy, journal of ethnic and migration studies 33, no.
Religion in general cannot deny political components, tendencies and impacts. Countless innocent lives have been lost because of a fundamental lack of respect for freedom of religion and an intolerance of people with different beliefs. I show how indonesia has had a twin tolerations friendly approach to religion, the state, and democracy since 2000 and, unlike turkey, no coups. Senegals version of twin tolerations, involving democracy and mutual rituals of respect between secular state officials and. What does the arab spring imply for democratization theory. The twin toleration concept suggests that institutional. May 20, 2011 jonathan fox and shmuel sandler, separation of religion and state in the twentyfirst century. He cannot be a participant in the rough and tumble politics of the city, but he. Senegals version of twin tolerations, involving democracy and mutual rituals of respect between secular state officials and sufi religious leaders, is also unlike turkey. Using data from the 19992001 world values and european values surveys, this article examines the impact of spiritual values and religious practices on democratic attitudes in twenty countries throughout western europe, north america, south america, asia, and africa. Faq for information about file content and naming conventions. Wave of change in the arab world and chances for a transition. Religion, democracy, and the twin tolerations religion, democracy, and the twin tolerations chapter.
531 1262 503 563 713 291 370 123 845 1312 1003 787 406 1303 1117 366 351 651 256 1308 323 1052 1107 523 1338 1556 1060 557 352 787 46 1378 1345